Prospective of biosynthesized L.satiVum oil/PEG/Ag-MgO bionanocomposite film for its antibacterial and anticancer potential

1. Introduction

Bionanocomposites have emerged as an advanced group of nano-sized materials obtained from the combination of biopolymers such as polysaccharides, nucleic acid, proteins, and essential oils with inorganic solids at nanometric scale (Mousa et al., 2016). They possess the synergism between the exceptional features of inorganic fillers (excellent mechanical strength, high thermal stability, optical behavior, etc.) with those of the biopolymeric matrix (biodegradability, biocompatibility, etc.). The resultant bionanocomposites exhibit improved thermal, optical, mechanical, magnetic, photoelectronic and biological properties (Zia et al., 2020). These biohybrid finds application in various fields including; food packaging (Zubair and Ullah, 2020), biomedical materials (Ismail and Razali (2020)), drug delivery systems (Patwekar, 2016), agriculture sector (Zhang et al., 2020), sensing and electronic materials (Burrs et al., 2015, Liu et al., 2019).

Recently, the functionalizations of renewable resources-derived polymers via incorporation of metallic nanoparticles have become an area of huge interest, where innate features of nanoparticles are bestowed into the polymer matrix (Hanisch et al., 2011). The resultant environmental benign bionanocomposite combines both the characteristics, superiority of low-dimensional organic layers and wide surface area of nanoparticles, thus creating a broad spectrum of applications in manufacturing and science (George et al., 2018). These bionanocomposites are multifaceted, significantly biodegradable, and their polymer can be obtained from the vast diversity of sustainable precursors, including oxygen-rich and hydrocarbon-rich monomers (Mhd Haniffa et al., 2016). The most commonly used sustainable bioresources are edible and non-edible oils. The plant oils appear to be the best suitable preliminary component for the production of polymeric bionanocomposite as they are ample, biodegradable, environment friendly, and economical (Ribeiro-Santos et al., 2017). Various vegetable oils including; olive, soybean, rapeseed, linseed, cottonseed, castor, Jojoba and rubber seed oil are being used by chemical industries for the manufacture of coatings, lubricants, paints, surfactants, soaps and cosmetic products from decades (Alam et al., 2014, Samarth and Mahanwar, 2015).

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L. sativum seed oil (LSO) is one of the important oil and widely found across the world. It is comprised of balanced amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (46.8%) and monounsaturated fatty acid (37.6%). LSO is relatively stable oil owing to its high content of natural antioxidant components such as tocopherols carotenoids and phytosterols (Diwakar et al., 2010). The oil has been reported to possess various biological activities including, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer (Alqahtani et al., 2019), analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antipyretic (Al-Yahya et al., 1994), antihypertensive (Maghrani et al., 2005), diuretic (Patel et al., 2009), nephroprotective (Yadav, 2010), antiasthmatic (Paranjape and Mehta, 2006), hepatoprotective and hypoglycemic (Abuelgasim et al., 2008) properties. The oil has also shown synergistic effects by inhibiting the levels of thromboxane B2 and platelet aggregation in lung and spleen tissues in Wistar rats (Raghavendra and Akhilender Naidu, 2011). Recently, an oil-based polymeric material has grabbed immense attention and extensive research work is being carried out to manufacture these biopolymeric materials owing better chemical and physical properties (Imre and Pukánszky, 2013). Several biodegradiable polymers such as polyurethane, polyesteramide, polyetheramide, alkyd, epoxy, polystyrene and polyvinyl alcohol have been used to prepare these oil-based biopolymers (Song et al., 2018, De Conto et al., 2020). The oil-based polymeric materials or coatings have shown a vast range of desired potential such as biocompatibility (Arevalo et al., 2018), moderate hydrophilicity (Bai et al., 2017), optical transparency (Ahmad et al., 2014), biomaterials (as antimicrobial surfaces and biocompatible) (Matharu et al., 2018), pharmaceutical industry (as coatings for medicine) (Vasile, 2018) and electronics (as superior layers in organic and hybrid devices) (Bazaka et al., 2011). Among various polymers, polyethylene glycol (PEG) is the most biocompatible hydrophilic polyether, synthetic polymer that has shown many biomedical and chemical applications due to its non-toxic and high solubility nature. It is used in various pharmaceutical ointments, creams, binding and dispersing agent, coatings in various scenarios and medical solvents. PEG has been reported to serve as bioconjugate to various illness drugs by coupling itself with the target drug to improve the pharmacokinetic features of drug treatment (Hoang Thi et al., 2020).

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The introduction of inorganic particles onto the surface of polymer matrix may further improve the properties oil-based polymeric film. Nanoparticles dimension less than 100 nm are considered as idle substances to strengthen the polymer matrix without interfering the transparency and other features of the film (Gupta and Tomoko, 2020). Among various metals, magnesium oxide (MgO) is the most promising functional metal oxides candidate due to its excellent and unique optical, thermal, high ionic character, electrical, chemical and mechanical properties (De Silva et al., 2017). MgO finds various applications including high-temperature insulating materials in fuel-oil additives, catalyst, heat-resistant, superconducting materials, synthesis of refractory ceramics, an adsorbent for removing heavy metals and dyes from wastewater toxic and waste remediation (Hornak et al. 2018). Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) are basic interesting oxide that has remarkable surface reactivity, biocompatible with high concentration of corner sites, highly stable under extreme conditions, less toxic and can be synthesized from economical precursors (Khalid et al., 2019). These nanoparticles exhibited enhanced biomedical potential, including; antimicrobial (Nguyen et al., 2018), antioxidant (Sushma et al., 2016), anticancer (Behzadi et al., 2019), anti-inflammatory (Climent et al., 2007), analgesic (Torabi et al., 2018), anti-diabetic (Moeini-Nodeh et al., 2017) and bone regeneration (Hickey et al., 2015). MgONPs has been acknowledged by the US Food and Drug Administration as non-toxic and environment friendly in nature that can be readily used in pharmaceutical industry (Cai et al., 2018). However, the aforementioned applications are largely due to the controlled size, morphology and structure because of its variations in chemical and physical properties. Hence, to prepare MgO nanomaterials with diverse competence, it is necessary to modify size, morphology and surface chemistry as the above-stated applications arise on the surface of nanoparticles (Jayapriya et al., 2018). Thus, the fabrication of nanomaterials with different morphologies provides reaction specificity due to the formation of different surface atoms and crystallographic facets. In recent times, various reports on MgO-metal based nanomaterials are documented in the literature which is actively being used for multiple purposes (Liong et al., 2008). Several studies have shown that metal/metal oxide expressed better antibacterial effects towards many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Abudula et al., 2020). Thus, the present study aims to develop oil based polymeric Ag/MgO bionanocomposite to improve the surface morphology of polymeric bionanocomposite for the up-gradation of its biological and physio-chemical potential. Silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) is well known for their extensive scope of antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and catalytic activities (Jayapriya et al., 2019, Gomathi et al., 2020, Reddy et al., 2015). AgNPs has expressed fascinating biological properties and at very low dose it is lethal to pathogens, but safe to human beings (Reddy et al., 2015). Several approaches have been applied to prepare metal/metal oxide nonanocomposites with different morphologies such as bimetallic alloys (Navya et al., 2019), core-shells (Chiozzi and Rossi, 2020), nanosheets (Pazmiño-Durán et al., 2001), nano-rattle (Wu et al., 2011), nanotubes (Tripathi et al., 2017) and yolk-shell (Moon, 2020) etc. The fabrication of these nanostructures involves various physiochemical procedures that have been generated hazardous byproducts, rigorous energy and harsh environmental conditions. Consequently, there is an increase demand for the development of a lucrative, environmentally friendly approach that gives a superior platform to synthesize the Ag/MgO bionanocomposite with a well-defined morphology that can serve as a potential candidate to resolve varied problems with multifunctional properties (Jayapriya et al., 2020, Ayinde et al., 2018).

Considering the unique individual properties of L. sativum seed oil, PEG and Ag/MgONPs, we herein report the fabrication and characterization of of L. sativum oil/PEG bionanocomposite decorated with Ag/MgO nanoparticles. The pre-synthesised bionanocomposite was tested for antibacterial and anticancer potential. To the best our knowledge, this is the first study on the synergy between L. sativum oil and Ag/MgONPs in an eco-friendly coating context.

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